Performance improvement:

Processors: The number of CPU cores continues to increase, the frequency continues to increase, and the process continues to shrink, enabling processors to integrate more transistors on a smaller chip area, thereby improving performance and energy efficiency. For example, the latest processors from Intel and AMD offer significant improvements in both multi-core and single-core performance.

Storage devices: The capacity of memory is increasing, and the frequency is also increasing, and the bandwidth and capacity of DDR5 memory are greatly improved compared with DDR4 memory. Solid-state drive (SSD) read and write speed is increasing, NVMe protocol SSD can provide higher transmission speed, while the capacity is also increasing, gradually replacing the traditional mechanical hard disk (HDD).

Miniaturization and integration: With the advancement of semiconductor technology, computer hardware components are becoming more and more miniaturized, and the integration of components is becoming higher and higher. For example, today's smart phones have been equipped with powerful computing power and multiple functions, while the size is greatly reduced. In the future, computer hardware will continue to develop in the direction of miniaturization, thin and light, while integrating more functions into a single chip or module.

Convergence of artificial intelligence and machine Learning: With the rapid development of artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies, computer hardware needs to provide better support for these technologies. As a result, specialized artificial intelligence accelerators have emerged, such as graphics processors (Gpus), dedicated neural network processors (Npus), and so on. These accelerators can efficiently process neural network calculations, improving the speed and efficiency of artificial intelligence algorithms.